Photo atlas of weathering forms on stone monuments
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Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of scales (sW) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Monastery, Birkenfeld / Germany | |
Scale: | Width of the image: 45 cm | |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of scales (sW) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Masonry, Cairo / Egypt | |
Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 70 cm | |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of scales (sW) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Khazne / Treasury, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 75 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of crumbs / splinters (uW) | |
Stone type: | Tuff | |
Location: | Minster, Neuss / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 80 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of crumbs / splinters (uW) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Castle, Bad Kösen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of stone layers dependent on stone structure (xW) | |
Stone type: | Greywacke | |
Location: | St. Lambertus Church, Monschau-Kalterherberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of stone layers dependent on stone structure (xW) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Stela, Nemrut Dag / Turkey | Scale: | Height of the stela: appr. 2.2 m |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of crusts (cW) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | St. Georg Church, Dinkelsbühl / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of crusts (cW) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Hannover / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Back weathering due to loss of undefinable stone aggregates / pieces (zW) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Wall, Malta | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Rounding / notching (Ro) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Wall, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stones: appr. 20 cm |
Weathering form: | Rounding / notching (Ro) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | St. Johannes Church, Weinsberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the grave stone: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Alveolar weathering (Ra) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Citadel, Victoria - Gozo / Malta | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Alveolar weathering (Ra) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Zwingenberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Alveolar weathering (Ra) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Palace Tomb, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Weathering out dependent on stone structure (tR) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | St. Stephan Chapel, Ergersheim / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Weathering out dependent on stone structure (tR) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Weathering out of stone components (Rk) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Malaga / Spain | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Weathering out of stone components (Rk) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Zwingenberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Weathering out of stone components (Rk) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Monastery, Dafni / Greece | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Clearing out of stone components (Rh) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Clearing out of stone components (Rh) | |
Stone type: | Conglomerate | |
Location: | Monastery, Monserrat / Spain | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Roughening (Rr) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Sculpture, Venice / Italy | Scale: | Height of the head: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Microkarst (Rm) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Head of a statue (Apollo), Nemrud Dag / Turkey | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Pitting (Rt) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Rialto Bridge, Venice / Italy | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 20 cm |
Weathering form: | Relief due to anthropogenic impact (aR) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Karnak Temple, Luxor / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 75 cm |
Weathering form: | Break out due to anthropogenic impact (aO) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Sculptural decoration, Angkor / Cambodia | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Break out due to anthropogenic impact (aO) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | St. Wenzel Church, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 4 m |
Weathering form: | Break out due to constructional cause (bO) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Break out due to natural cause (nO) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Palace Tomb, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 12 m |
Weathering form: | Break out due to non-recognizable cause (oO) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Relief, Venice / Italy | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 2 m |
Weathering form: | Break out due to non-recognizable cause (oO) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Luxor Temple, Luxor / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Break out due to non-recognizable cause (oO) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Acropolis, Athens / Greece | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 2 m |
Weathering form: | Coloration (Dc) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Certosa, Pavia / Italy | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Coloration (Dc) | |
Stone type: | Soapstone | |
Location: | Sculpture, Congonhas / Brazil | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 15 cm |
Weathering form: | Bleaching (Db) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Residential house, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Soiling by particles from the atmosphere (pI) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Zeitz / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1.5 m |
Weathering form: | Soiling by particles from the atmosphere (pI) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Soiling by particles from water (wI) | |
Stone type: | Basaltic lava, tuff | |
Location: | University, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 115 cm |
Weathering form: | Soiling by droppings (gI) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 80 cm |
Weathering form: | Soiling due to anthropogenic impact (aI) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Masonry, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Efflorescences (Ee) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Efflorescences (Ee) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Masonry, Zeitz / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 90 cm |
Weathering form: | Subflorescences (Ef) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | St. Stephan Chapel, Ergersheim / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Subflorescences (Ef) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Horus Temple, Edfu / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 15 cm |
Weathering form: | Dark-colored crust tracing the surface (dkC) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Halberstadt / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Dark-colored crust tracing the surface (dkC) | |
Stone type: | Tuff | |
Location: | Monastery, Knechtsteden / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 80 cm |
Weathering form: | Dark-colored crust changing the surface (diC) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Sculpture, Cathedral, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the head: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Light-colored crust tracing the surface (hkC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Ed-Der / Monastery, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Light-colored crust changing the surface (hiC) | |
Stone type: | Porous limestone | |
Location: | Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Light-colored crust changing the surface (hiC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Gelnhausen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1.5 m |
Weathering form: | Colored crust tracing the surface (fkC) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Sanctuary of Demeter, Eleusis / Greece | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Colored crust tracing the surface (fkC) | |
Stone type: | Quartzite | |
Location: | Church of Sao Francisco des Assis, Ouro Preto / Brazil | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Colored crust changing the surface (fiC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Tomb carved from bedrocks, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 20 cm |
Weathering form: | Microbiological colonization (Bi) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Sculpture, Torcello / Italy | Scale: | Width of the head: appr. 20 cm |
Weathering form: | Microbiological colonization (Bi) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Haut Koenigsbourg / France | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Microbiological colonization (Bi) | |
Stone type: | Tuff | |
Location: | Moai, Easter Island / Chile | Scale: | Height of the statue: appr. 5 m |
Weathering form: | Colonization by higher plants (Bh) | |
Stone type: | Sandstones | |
Location: | Temple, Angkor / Cambodia | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 5 m |
Weathering form: | Colonization by higher plants (Bh) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Lion Triclinium, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 2 m |
Weathering form: | Colonization by higher plants (Bh) | |
Stone type: | Travertine | |
Location: | Wall, Meersburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Coloration to dark colored crust tracing the surface (Dc-dkC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Town hall, Hamburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1.4 m |
Weathering form: | Coloration to colored crust tracing the surface (Dc-fkC) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Halberstadt / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 80 cm |
Weathering form: | Soiling by particles from the atmosphere to dark-colored crust tracing the surface (pI-dkC) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Town hall, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 2 m |
Weathering form: | Soiling by particles from the atmosphere to dark-colored crust changing the surface (pI-diC) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | St. Wenzel Church, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Efflorescences to light-colored crust tracing the surface (Ee-hkC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Nuremberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1.3 m |
Weathering form: | Efflorescences to light-colored crust tracing the surface (Ee-hkC) | |
Stone type: | Tuff | |
Location: | St. Martin Church, Düsseldorf / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Efflorescences to light-colored crust tracing the surface (Ee-hkC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Temple of the Winged Lion, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 1.2 m |
Weathering form: | Microbiological colonization to dark-colored crust tracing the surface (Bi-dkC) | |
Stone type: | Quartzite | |
Location: | Monastery, Caraca / Brazil | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1.3 m |
Weathering form: | Microbiological colonization to dark-colored crust tracing the surface (Bi-dkC) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone / limestone | |
Location: | Collegiate Church, Thann / France | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into powder (Gp) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Cadiz / Spain | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into sand (Gs) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | University, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into sand (Gs) | |
Stone type: | Quartzite | |
Location: | Museu da Inconfidencia, Ouro Preto / Brazil | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into grus (Gg) | |
Stone type: | Granite | |
Location: | Karnak Temple, Luxor / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Crumbling (Pu) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | City wall, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Crumbling (Pu) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Crumbling (Pu) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Schillingsfürst / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Splintering (Pn) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Sanctuary of Demeter, Eleusis / Greece | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Crumbling to splintering (Pu-Pn) | |
Stone type: | Quartzite | |
Location: | Town hall, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Single flakes (eF) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Ludwigsburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Multiple flakes (mF) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Scale due to tooling of the stone surface (qS) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Pillar, Cairo, Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Scale due to tooling of the stone surface (qS) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Sanctuary of Demeter, Eleusis / Greece | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Single scale (eS) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | University, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Single scale (eS) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Ludwigsburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Multiple scales (mS) | |
Stone type: | Mudstone | |
Location: | Cheonjeon-Ri Petroglyph, Ulsan / Korea | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 115 cm |
Weathering form: | Multiple scales (mS) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Monastery, Birkenfeld / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Exfoliation (Xl) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Zeitz / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Exfoliation (Xl) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Castle, Heidelberg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Splitting up (Xv) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Church, Iphofen / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Splitting up (Xv) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Residence, Würzburg / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Detachment of a dark-colored crust tracing the surface (dkK) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Detachment of a dark-colored crust changing the surface (diK) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Magdeburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Detachment of a dark-colored crust changing the surface (diK) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | City wall, Naumburg / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Detachment of a light-colored crust changing the surface (hiK) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Thorn house, Bad Kösen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 40 cm |
Weathering form: | Detachment of a light-colored crust changing the stone surface (hiK) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | El Merdani Mosque, Cairo / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 25 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into sand to single flakes (Gs-eF) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Chapel, Ergersheim / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into sand to single flakes (Gs-eF) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Thorne house, Bad Dürkheim / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into grus to single flakes (Gg-eF) | |
Stone type: | Quartz porphyry | |
Location: | Chapel, Wettin / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 85 cm |
Weathering form: | Granular disintegration into grus to single flakes (Gg-eF) | |
Stone type: | Granite | |
Location: | Sphinx Temple, Giza / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Single flakes to crumbling (eF-Pu) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Megalithic Temple of Ggantija, Gozo / Malta | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Crumbling to single scale (Pu-eS) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Slab, Giza / Egypt | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 45 cm |
Weathering form: | Splintering to single scale (Pn-eS) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Acropolis, Athens / Greece | Scale: | Width of the dimension stone: appr. 50 cm |
Weathering form: | Single flakes to single scale (eF-eS) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Cathedral, Aachen / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 30 cm |
Weathering form: | Multiple flakes to multiple scales (mF-mS) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Monastery, Birkenfeld / Germany | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 90 cm |
Weathering form: | Multiple flakes to multiple scales (mF-mS) | |
Stone type: | Limestone | |
Location: | Megalithic Temple of Ggantija, Gozo / Malta | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 35 cm |
Weathering form: | Fissures independent of stone structure (vL) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Karnak Temple, Luxor / Egypt | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 70 cm |
Weathering form: | Fissures independent of stone structure (vL) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Agora, Athens / Greece | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 55 cm |
Weathering form: | Fissures dependent on stone structure (tL) | |
Stone type: | Sandstone | |
Location: | Tomb carved from bedrocks, Petra / Jordan | Scale: | Width of the image: appr. 1 m |
Weathering form: | Deformation, convex (lV) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Old Cemetery, Bonn / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 60 cm |
Weathering form: | Deformation, concave (rV) | |
Stone type: | Marble | |
Location: | Cemetery, Cologne / Germany | Scale: | Height of the image: appr. 65 cm |